Entre nature et civilisation les médecins brésiliens et l'identité nationale (1830-1850)

Cet article analyse l'idée de nature qui ressort des débats à l'Académie impériale de médecine de Rio de Janeiro entre 1830 et 1850. Présupposant une correspondance entre la nature des lieux et le niveau de civilisation des habitants, ces médecins portent un jugement ambivalent sur la nature de leur pays. Le Brésil apparaît à la fois malheureux et privilégié, vu sa condition tropicale. Ces débats font partie d'un mouvement plus large de réflexion intellectuelle et de débat politique au sein d..

Iluminismo e Império no Brasil : O Patriota (1813-1814)

A obra é composta por cinco artigos de renomados historiadores nacionais sobre O Patriota, primeiro jornal brasileiro a publicar artigos literários, políticos e mercantis nos anos de 1813 e 1814. Além do livro, o leitor recebe o CD-ROM com a coleção integral de O Patriota

La nature de la nation : le climat et les gens du Brésil (1780-1836)

L’article aborde le débat sur le déterminisme climatique dans les textes de certains hommes de science brésiliens, qui publièrent pendant la période des Lumières jusqu’aux années qui ont suivi l’indépendance. On croyait vivement à cette époque que le climat déterminait le caractère de ses habitants. Ainsi, les aspects naturels du Brésil étaient des éléments essentiels pour la configuration même de l’identité. Les publications sur le climat du Brésil et sur les Brésiliens accompagnent la formation et l’activité d’une lignée de naturalistes, d’hommes de lettres et d’administrateurs, qui voyaient dans les Lumières une incitation aux réformes, une façon de jouir rationnellement du pouvoir des climats chauds, en évitant ses traquenards, mais en sachant exploiter ses presque infinies ressources.This article contributes to the debate on climatic determinism in the works of certain Brazilian scientists who wrote during the Enlightenment until the years following Independence. Climate was then believed to determine the character of peoples. Hence, the natural features of Brazil were considered essential elements even entailing the formation of identity. The publications on the subject of climate in Brazil and on the Brazilians followed the development and conduct of an entire line of naturalists, men of letters and administrators, who saw in the Enlightenment an incitation to reform, a way of rationally enjoying the power of warm climates by avoiding its traps and by knowing how to exploit its virtually infinite resources

O naturalista Veloso

This paper analyses Veloso’s activities as a naturalist and argues that his botanical work as well as his editor’s efforts are consistent with Enlightened natural history. His later celebrity was built by the trend of ennobling “great men” of the colonial rule and by the actual use of his botanical research. The fact that Veloso and his group adopted the Linnean system allowed his work to be recognized by taxonomists, despite being outdated at the time it was published.O artigo analisa a atuação de frei Veloso como naturalista e busca demonstrar que tanto sua atividade de botânico quanto o trabalho de editor eram consistentes com as características da história natural do Iluminismo. A celebridade adquirida posteriormente por Veloso foi sendo construída no âmbito da exaltação de “grandes homens” do período colonial e na utilização de suas pesquisas pela botânica. O fato de Veloso e sua equipe terem adotado o sistema lineano permitiu que sua obra fosse reconhecida pelos taxonomistas como válida, mesmo posteriormente, apesar de estar desatualizada na época de sua publicação

Francisco Antônio de Sampaio: From surgeon to man of science (Town of Cachoeira, Bahia, c. 1780)

O presente artigo discute as práticas médicas e científicas de Francisco Antônio de Sampaio, cirurgião que atuava como médico e naturalista na Vila de Cachoeira, Bahia. Sampaio foi alvo de fiscalização do Protomedicato por extrapolar seu ofício de cirurgião. O artigo analisa a correspondência que Sampaio estabeleceu com a Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, entre 1783 e 1793, bem como os trabalhos manuscritos que enviou à instituição. Sua produção científica visava a sua afirmação como produtor de conhecimento e a sua inserção na República das Ciências lusa e brasileira.Palavras-chave: história natural, Francisco Antonio de Sampaio, história da medicina, história da cirurgia.This paper discusses Francisco Antonio de Sampaio’s scientific and medical practices. He was a surgeon who worked as a doctor and a naturalist at Vila de Cachoeira, in Bahia. He was charged by Protomedicato with illegal practice of medicine. The article analyzes his correspondence with the Academy of Sciences in Lisbon as well as the manuscripts he sent to that institution between 1783 and 1793. Sampaio’s scientific endeavor aimed to place him as a qualified author of the Republic of Sciences in Portugal and Brazil.Keywords: natural history, Francisco Antonio de Sampaio, history of medicine, history of surgery

Introduction: Global Flora: Mastering Exotic Plants (Eighteenth —NineteenthCenturies)

In this dossier, we reflect on plants that travel and the knowledge associated with them. Like human beings, plants move around and can adapt to new situations. In fact, it is no longer possible to effectively distinguish native and exotic plants. Environmental preservation and restoration works often deal with plants foreign to the biome they now inhabit, some of which become invasive species that stunt the growth of native plants. At the same time, to take but one example, our current pattern of food consumption is based on such nearly ubiquitous plant species as potatoes, wheat, and rice. Other plants are now so acclimatized in their new habitats that people think of them as having been there forever, like mangoes in Brazil, cassava in Africa, chili peppers in India, and rubber trees in Malaysia.FCT e Fio Cru

Global Affinities: The Natural Method and Anomalous Plants in the Nineteenth Century

Approaching from an analysis of the work of Robert Brown (1773-1858) and Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872) on Rafflesia and Welwitschia, this article explores how the “natural method” became a tool for understanding extra-European flora in the nineteenth century. As botanists worked to detect “hidden affinities” between plants that would enable them to identify the so-called natural families to which even anomalous species belonged, they relied on comparison as their basic methodological procedure, making it essential for them to have access to collections. In their scientific writings, professional botanists tended to steer clear of any emphasis on plant exoticism. While botany engaged in dialogue with various types of approaches, the field essentially normalized the exotic. The article’s exploration of the hermetic style of scientific texts and the way botanists incorporated illustrators’ work sheds light on the complexity of the spaces where natural history was done, in a context where plants were circulating from around the globe.Lorelai Kury’s research was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq). Sara Albuquerque’s research at the archives and herbaria at MUHNAC was possible thanks to funding from FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, ref. SFRH/BPD/108236/2015). The research for this article relied on the infrastructure of PRISC (Portuguese Research Infrastructure of Scientific Collections). The IHC is funded by National funds through FCT —Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the projects UIDB/04209/2020 and UIDP/04209/202